How Islam Created Europe

Charles Auguste Steuben's painting of the Battle of the Poitiers in 732. The Frankish leader Charles Martel's victory over Muslim invaders is seen as a decisive moment in European history.
"Europe was essentially defined by Islam. And Islam is redefining it now. For centuries in early and middle antiquity, Europe meant the world surrounding the Mediterranean, or Mare Nostrum ('Our Sea'), as the Romans famously called it. It included North Africa. Indeed, early in the fifth century A.D., when Saint Augustine lived in what is today Algeria, North Africa was as much a center of Christianity as Italy or Greece. But the swift advance of Islam across North Africa in the seventh and eighth centuries virtually extinguished Christianity there, thus severing the Mediterranean region into two civilizational halves, with the 'Middle Sea' a hard border between them rather than a unifying force. Since then, as the Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset observed, 'all European history has been a great emigration toward the North.' ..."
The Atlantic
W - Battle of Tours
YouTube: 732 BATTLE OF POITIERS

The Saracen Army outside Paris - Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld